Euler circuit and path examples - Example: A family tree where each person is connected to their parents. Cycles: A graph with at least one cycle. Example: A bike-sharing graph where the cycles represent the routes that the bikes take. Sparse Graphs: A graph with relatively few edges compared to the number of vertices.

 
5.2 Euler Circuits and Walks. [Jump to exercises] The first problem in graph theory dates to 1735, and is called the Seven Bridges of Königsberg . In Königsberg were two islands, connected to each other and the mainland by seven bridges, as shown in figure 5.2.1. The question, which made its way to Euler, was whether it was possible to take a .... Spectrum mobile locations near me

An Eulerian circuit on a graph is a circuit that uses every edge. What Euler worked out is that there is a very simple necessary and su cient condition for an Eulerian circuit to exist. Theorem 2.5. A graph G = (V;E) has an Eulerian circuit if and only if G is connected and every vertex v 2V has even degree d(v). Note that the K onigsberg graph ... Such a sequence of vertices is called a hamiltonian cycle. The first graph shown in Figure 5.16 both eulerian and hamiltonian. The second is hamiltonian but not eulerian. Figure 5.16. Eulerian and Hamiltonian Graphs. In Figure 5.17, we show a famous graph known as the Petersen graph. It is not hamiltonian.Describing an Euler Path • While an ordered list of edges only suffice to denote an Euler path, a complete description is an ordered list of nodes and edges • For example: Path = {Vdd, A, I1, B, Out, C, Vdd} • This form is useful for layout purposesnd an Euler path or an Euler circuit: Make sure the graph has either 0 or 2 odd vertices. If there are 0 odd vertices, start anywhere. If there are 2 odd vertices, start at one of them. …Feb 24, 2021 · https://StudyForce.com https://Biology-Forums.com Ask questions here: https://Biology-Forums.com/index.php?board=33.0Follow us: Facebook: https://facebo... The stack is empty and 1 has no more neighbors. So this is the last point in this eulerian tour. Finally add 1 to the circuit. Circuit: 1, 9, 6, 1, 8, 7, 5, 8, 2, 4, 3, 2, 1 Here the order doesn't matter, but for directed graphs - it's crucial. So let's consider the Eulerian Tour for this graph to be the reverse of the above circuit:An Euler path is a path that uses every edge in a graph with no repeats. Being a path, it ...A More Complex Example See if you can "trace" transistor gates in same order, crossing each gate once, for N and P networks independently - Where "tracing" means a path from source/drain of one to source/drain of next - Without "jumping" - ordering CBADE works for N, not P - ordering CBDEA works for P, not NFor example, the first graph has an Euler circuit, but the second doesn't. Note: you're allowed to use the same vertex multiple times, just not the same edge. An Euler path (or Eulerian path) in a graph \(G\) is a simple path that contains every edge of \(G\). The same as an Euler circuit, but we don't have to end up back at the beginning.Anyone who enjoys crafting will have no trouble putting a Cricut machine to good use. Instead of cutting intricate shapes out with scissors, your Cricut will make short work of these tedious tasks.An Euler circuit must include all of the edges of a graph, but there is no requirement that it traverse all of the vertices. What is true is that a graph with an Euler circuit is connected if and only if it has no isolated vertices: any walk is by definition connected, so the subgraph consisting of the edges and vertices making up the Euler ...In a directed graph it will be less likely to have an Euler path or circuit because you must travel in the correct direction. Consider, for example, v 1 v 2 v 3 v v 4 5 This graph has neither an Euler circuit nor an Euler path. It is impossible to cover both of the edges that travel to v 3. 3.3. Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for an Euler ...Euler Path Example 2 1 3 4. History of the Problem/Seven Bridges of Königsberg Is there a way to map a tour through Königsberg crossing every bridge exactly once Famous mathematician Leonhard Euler proved not only that it …1. Introduction Graphs are data structures with multiple and flexible uses. In practice, they can define from people's relationships to road routes, being employable in several scenarios. Several data structures enable us to create graphs, such as adjacency matrix or edges lists. Also, we can identify different properties defining a graph.1. Introduction Graphs are data structures with multiple and flexible uses. In practice, they can define from people's relationships to road routes, being employable in several scenarios. Several data structures enable us to create graphs, such as adjacency matrix or edges lists. Also, we can identify different properties defining a graph.Planar Graph Example- The following graph is an example of a planar graph- Here, In this graph, no two edges cross each other. Therefore, it is a planar graph. Regions of Plane- The planar representation of the graph splits the plane into connected areas called as Regions of the plane. Each region has some degree associated with it given as-Example \(\PageIndex{1}\): Euler Path Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): Euler Path Example. One Euler path for the above graph is F, A, B, C, F, E, C, D, E as shown …Born in Washington D.C. but raised in Charleston, South Carolina, Stephen Colbert is no stranger to the notion of humble beginnings. The youngest of 11 children, Colbert took his larger-than-life personality and put it to good use on televi...An Eulerian graph is a graph that possesses an Eulerian circuit. Example 9.4.1 9.4. 1: An Eulerian Graph. Without tracing any paths, we can be sure that the graph below has an Eulerian circuit because all vertices have an even degree. This follows from the following theorem. Figure 9.4.3 9.4. 3: An Eulerian graph.Circuit boards, or printed circuit boards (PCBs), are standard components in modern electronic devices and products. Here’s more information about how PCBs work. A circuit board’s base is made of substrate.nd one. When searching for an Euler path, you must start on one of the nodes of odd degree and end on the other. Here is an Euler path: d !e !f !c !a !b !g 4.Before searching for an Euler circuit, let’s use Euler’s rst theorem to decide if one exists. According to Euler’s rst theorem, there is an Euler circuit if and only if all nodes have Example 1 Let's look at another example. This time, see if you can figure it out. Again, what we are trying to do is to find a path in the graph so that we are crossing every edge exactly...Euler circuits and paths are also useful to painters, garbage collectors, airplane pilots and all world navigators, like you! To get a better sense of how Euler circuits and paths are useful in the real world, check out any (or all) of the following examples. 1. Take a trip through the Boston Science Museum. 2.An Eulerian trail (also known as an Eulerian path) is a finite graph trail in graph theory that reaches each edge exactly once (allowing for revisiting vertices). An analogous Eulerian trail that begins and finishes at the same vertex is known as an Eulerian circuit or cycle.1.3. Checking the existence of an Euler path The existence of an Euler path in a graph is directly related to the degrees of the graph’s vertices. Euler formulated the three following theorems of which he first two set a sufficientt and necessary condition for the existence of an Euler circuit or path in a graph respectively.The mathematical models of Euler circuits and Euler paths can be used to solve real-world problems. Learn about Euler paths and Euler circuits, then practice using them to solve three real-world ...Two different trees with the same number of vertices and the same number of edges. A tree is a connected graph with no cycles. Two different graphs with 8 vertices all of degree 2. Two different graphs with 5 vertices all of degree 4. Two different graphs with 5 vertices all of degree 3. Answer.The Euler Circuit is a special type of Euler path. When the starting vertex of the Euler path is also connected with the ending vertex of that path, then it is called the Euler Circuit. To detect the path and circuit, we have to follow these conditions −. The graph must be connected. When exactly two vertices have odd degree, it is a Euler ...https://StudyForce.com https://Biology-Forums.com Ask questions here: https://Biology-Forums.com/index.php?board=33.0Follow us: Facebook: https://facebo...A sequence of vertices \((x_0,x_1,…,x_t)\) is called a circuit when it satisfies only the first two of these conditions. Note that a sequence consisting of a single vertex is a circuit. Before proceeding to Euler's elegant characterization of eulerian graphs, let's use SageMath to generate some graphs that are and are not eulerian.A closed Hamiltonian path will also be known as a Hamiltonian circuit. Examples of Hamiltonian Circuit. There are a lot of examples of the Hamiltonian circuit, which are described as follows: Example 1: In the following graph, we have 5 nodes. Now we have to determine whether this graph contains a Hamiltonian circuit. Solution: =10.5 Euler and Hamilton Paths Euler Circuit An Euler circuit in a graph G is a simple circuit containing every edge of G. Euler Path An Euler path in G is a simple path containing every edge of G. Theorem 1 A connected multigraph with at least two vertices has an Euler circuit if and only if each of its vertices has an even degree. Theorem 2Teahouse accommodation is available along the whole route, and with a compulsory guide, anybody with the correct permits can complete the circuit. STRADDLED BETWEEN THE ANNAPURNA MOUNTAINS and the Langtang Valley lies the comparatively undi...Euler Path Examples- Examples of Euler path are as follows- Euler Circuit- Euler circuit is also known as Euler Cycle or Euler Tour.. If there exists a Circuit in the connected graph that contains all the edges of the graph, then that circuit is called as an Euler circuit.; OR. If there exists a walk in the connected graph that starts and ends at the same vertex and …14.2 Euler Paths and Circuits In-Class Examples 1.Label the degree of each vertex.Is there an Euler path or Euler circuit?Explain why one or the other does ...An Eulerian path on a graph is a traversal of the graph that passes through each edge exactly once. It is an Eulerian circuit if it starts and ends at the same vertex. _\square . The informal proof in the previous section, translated into the language of graph theory, shows immediately that: If a graph admits an Eulerian path, then there are ...The stack is empty and 1 has no more neighbors. So this is the last point in this eulerian tour. Finally add 1 to the circuit. Circuit: 1, 9, 6, 1, 8, 7, 5, 8, 2, 4, 3, 2, 1 Here the order doesn't matter, but for directed graphs - it's crucial. So let's consider the Eulerian Tour for this graph to be the reverse of the above circuit:Such puzzles must have the Euler Path to be solved. On the other hand, there is a concept named Eulerian Circuits (or Eulerian Cycle) that restricts Eulerian Path conditions further.Planar Graph Example- The following graph is an example of a planar graph- Here, In this graph, no two edges cross each other. Therefore, it is a planar graph. Regions of Plane- The planar representation of the graph splits the plane into connected areas called as Regions of the plane. Each region has some degree associated with it given as-Jul 12, 2021 · Figure 6.5.3. 1: Euler Path Example. One Euler path for the above graph is F, A, B, C, F, E, C, D, E as shown below. Figure 6.5.3. 2: Euler Path. This Euler path travels every edge once and only once and starts and ends at different vertices. This graph cannot have an Euler circuit since no Euler path can start and end at the same vertex ... Example 1 Let's look at another example. This time, see if you can figure it out. Again, what we are trying to do is to find a path in the graph so that we are crossing every edge exactly...nd an Euler path or an Euler circuit: Make sure the graph has either 0 or 2 odd vertices. If there are 0 odd vertices, start anywhere. If there are 2 odd vertices, start at one of them. …An Eulerian cycle, also called an Eulerian circuit, Euler circuit, Eulerian tour, or Euler tour, is a trail which starts and ends at the same graph vertex.If a graph has an Euler circuit, that will always be the best solution to a Chinese postman problem. Let’s determine if the multigraph of the course has an Euler circuit by looking at the degrees of the vertices in Figure 12.130. Since the degrees of the vertices are all even, and the graph is connected, the graph is Eulerian. Example \(\PageIndex{1}\): Euler Path Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): Euler Path Example. One Euler path for the above …An Eulerian circuit is an Eulerian trail that is a circuit i.e., it begins and ends on the same vertex. A graph is called Eulerian when it contains an Eulerian circuit. A digraph in which the in-degree equals the out-degree at each vertex. A vertex is odd if its degree is odd and even if its degree is even. 2) Existence of an Euler path3-June-02 CSE 373 - Data Structures - 24 - Paths and Circuits 8 Euler paths and circuits • An Euler circuit in a graph G is a circuit containing every edge of G once and only once › circuit - starts and ends at the same vertex • An Euler path is a path that contains every edge of G once and only once › may or may not be a circuitAn Eulerian graph is a graph that possesses an Eulerian circuit. Example 9.4.1 9.4. 1: An Eulerian Graph. Without tracing any paths, we can be sure that the graph below has an Eulerian circuit because all vertices have an even degree. This follows from the following theorem. Figure 9.4.3 9.4. 3: An Eulerian graph.Finding Euler Circuits and Euler’s Theorem A path through a graph is a circuit if it starts and ends at the same vertex. A circuit is an Euler circuit if it covers each edge exactly once. (Euler is pronounced like “oy’lur”) Example Find an Euler circuit of the graph for the floor plan. Solution There are many correct answers. Finding Euler Circuits and Euler’s Theorem A path through a graph is a circuit if it starts and ends at the same vertex. A circuit is an Euler circuit if it covers each edge exactly once. (Euler is pronounced like “oy’lur”) Example Find an Euler circuit of the graph for the floor plan. Solution There are many correct answers.isEulerian (Graph) Input − The given Graph. Output − Returns 0, when not Eulerian, 1 when it has a Euler path, 2 when Euler circuit foundTheorem 13.1.1 13.1. 1. A connected graph (or multigraph, with or without loops) has an Euler tour if and only if every vertex in the graph has even valency. Proof. Example 13.1.2 13.1. 2. Use the algorithm described in the proof of the previous result, to find an Euler tour in the following graph.Euler's sum of degrees theorem is used to determine if a graph has an Euler circuit, an Euler path, or neither. For both Euler circuits and Euler paths, the "trip" has to be completed "in one piece."Euler Path Example 2 1 3 4. History of the Problem/Seven Bridges of Königsberg Is there a way to map a tour through Königsberg crossing every bridge exactly once Famous mathematician Leonhard Euler proved not only that it …A closed Hamiltonian path will also be known as a Hamiltonian circuit. Examples of Hamiltonian Circuit. There are a lot of examples of the Hamiltonian circuit, which are described as follows: Example 1: In the following graph, we have 5 nodes. Now we have to determine whether this graph contains a Hamiltonian circuit. Solution: = The following graph is an example of an Euler graph- Here, This graph is a connected graph and all its vertices are of even degree. Therefore, it is an Euler graph. Alternatively, the above graph contains an Euler circuit BACEDCB, so it is an Euler graph. Also Read-Planar Graph Euler Path- Euler path is also known as Euler Trail or Euler Walk. A Hamilton Path is a path that goes through every Vertex of a graph exactly once. A Hamilton Circuit is a Hamilton Path that begins and ends at the same vertex. Hamilton Path Hamilton Circuit *notice that not all edges need to be used *Unlike Euler Paths and Circuits, there is no trick to tell if a graph has a Hamilton Path or Circuit. 10.5 Euler and Hamilton Paths Euler Circuit An Euler circuit in a graph G is a simple circuit containing every edge of G. Euler Path An Euler path in G is a simple path containing every edge of G. Theorem 1 A connected multigraph with at least two vertices has an Euler circuit if and only if each of its vertices has an even degree. Theorem 20 G has an Euler circuit. 2 G has an Euler path. 4;6;8::: G has neither. 1;3;5;::: This is impossible. Fleury’s Algorithm for flnding an Euler Circuit (Path): While following the given steps, be sure to label the edges in the order in which you travel them. 1. Make sure the graph is connected and either (1) has no odd vertices (circuit) or ...Step 3: Write out the Euler circuit using the sequence of vertices and edges that you found. For example, if you removed ab, bc, cd, de, and ea, in that order, then the Euler circuit …1 Answer. You should start by looking at the degrees of the vertices, and that will tell you if you can hope to find: or neither. The idea is that in a directed graph, most of the time, an Eulerian whatever will enter a vertex and leave it the same number of times. So the in-degree and the out-degree must be equal.¶ Investigate! An Euler path, in a graph or multigraph, is a walk through the graph which uses every edge exactly once. An Euler circuit is an Euler path which starts and stops …Euler Path Examples- Examples of Euler path are as follows- Euler Circuit- Euler circuit is also known as Euler Cycle or Euler Tour.. If there exists a Circuit in the connected graph that contains all the edges of the …The following graph is an example of an Euler graph- Here, This graph is a connected graph and all its vertices are of even degree. Therefore, it is an Euler graph. Alternatively, the above graph contains an Euler circuit BACEDCB, so it is an Euler graph. Also Read-Planar Graph Euler Path- Euler path is also known as Euler Trail or Euler Walk.An Euler path is a path that uses every edge in a graph with no repeats. Being a path, it does not have to return to the starting vertex. Example. In the graph shown below, there …Explained Euler Path, Euler Circuit, Hamilton Path and Hamilton Circuit with examples.Describing an Euler Path • While an ordered list of edges only suffice to denote an Euler path, a complete description is an ordered list of nodes and edges • For example: Path = {Vdd, A, I1, B, Out, C, Vdd} • This form is useful for layout purposesFind a big-O estimate of the time complexity of the preorder, inorder, and postorder traversals. Use the graph below for all 5.9.2 exercises. Use the depth-first search algorithm to find a spanning tree for the graph above. Let \ (v_1\) be the vertex labeled "Tiptree" and choose adjacent vertices alphabetically.A Hamilton Path is a path that goes through every Vertex of a graph exactly once. A Hamilton Circuit is a Hamilton Path that begins and ends at the same vertex. Hamilton Path Hamilton Circuit *notice that not all edges need to be used *Unlike Euler Paths and Circuits, there is no trick to tell if a graph has a Hamilton Path or Circuit. An Euler path (or Euler trail) is a path that visits every edge of a graph exactly once. Similarly, an Euler circuit (or Euler cycle) is an Euler trail that starts and ends on the same node of a graph. A graph having Euler path is called Euler graph. While tracing Euler graph, one may halt at arbitrary nodes while some of its edges left unvisited.In this post, an algorithm to print an Eulerian trail or circuit is discussed. Following is Fleury’s Algorithm for printing the Eulerian trail or cycle. Make sure the graph has either 0 or 2 odd vertices. If there are 0 odd vertices, start anywhere. If there are 2 odd vertices, start at one of them. Follow edges one at a time.A closed Hamiltonian path will also be known as a Hamiltonian circuit. Examples of Hamiltonian Circuit. There are a lot of examples of the Hamiltonian circuit, which are described as follows: Example 1: In the following graph, we have 5 nodes. Now we have to determine whether this graph contains a Hamiltonian circuit. Solution: = If a graph has an Euler circuit, that will always be the best solution to a Chinese postman problem. Let’s determine if the multigraph of the course has an Euler circuit by looking at the degrees of the vertices in Figure 12.130. Since the degrees of the vertices are all even, and the graph is connected, the graph is Eulerian. Describe and identify Euler Circuits. ... In Figure 12.118, we can see TPA is adjacent to PBI, FLL, MIA, and EYW. Also, there is a path between TPA and MCO through FLL. This ... Determine if the graph is Eulerian or not and explain how you know. If it is Eulerian, give an example of an Euler circuit. If it is not, state which edge or edges ...When it comes to electrical circuits, there are two basic varieties: series circuits and parallel circuits. The major difference between the two is the number of paths that the electrical current can flow through.Eulerian: this circuit consists of a closed path that visits every edge of a graph exactly once; Hamiltonian: this circuit is a closed path that visits every node of a graph exactly once.; The following image exemplifies eulerian and hamiltonian graphs and circuits: We can note that, in the previously presented image, the first graph (with the …nd an Euler path or an Euler circuit: Make sure the graph has either 0 or 2 odd vertices. If there are 0 odd vertices, start anywhere. If there are 2 odd vertices, start at one of them. …Hamiltonian Path - An Hamiltonian path is path in which each vertex is traversed exactly once. If you have ever confusion remember E - Euler E - Edge. Euler path is a graph using every edge (NOTE) of the graph exactly once. Euler circuit is a euler path that returns to it starting point after covering all edges.Jul 18, 2022 · Euler Path; Example 5. Solution; Euler Circuit; Example 6. Solution; Euler’s Path and Circuit Theorems; Example 7; Example 8; Example 9; Fleury’s Algorithm; Example 10. Solution; Try it Now 3; In the first section, we created a graph of the Königsberg bridges and asked whether it was possible to walk across every bridge once. Troubleshooting air conditioner equipment that caused tripped circuit breaker. Expert Advice On Improving Your Home Videos Latest View All Guides Latest View All Radio Show Latest View All Podcast Episodes Latest View All We recommend the b...$\begingroup$ I'd consider a maximal path, show that it can be closed to a cycle, then argue that no additional vertex can exist because a path from it to a vertex in the cycle would create a degree $\ge 3$ vertex. --- But using Euler circuits, we know that one exists, and as every vertex of our graph is incident to at least one edge, th Euler circuit …Definition When G is a graph on n ≥ 3 vertices, a path P = (x 1, x 2, …, x n) in G is called a Hamiltonian path, i.e, the path P visits each vertex in G exactly one time. In contrast to the first definition, we no longer require that the last vertex on the path be adjacent to the first. An Eulerian circuit on a graph is a circuit that uses every edge. What Euler worked out is that there is a very simple necessary and su cient condition for an Eulerian circuit to exist. Theorem 2.5. A graph G = (V;E) has an Eulerian circuit if and only if G is connected and every vertex v 2V has even degree d(v). Note that the K onigsberg graph ... An Euler path is a path that uses every edge in a graph with no repeats. Being a path, it ...

Euler circuit. Page 18. Example: Euler Path and Circuits. For the graphs shown, determine if an Euler path, an. Euler circuit, neither, or both exist. A.. Kansas city basketball camps

euler circuit and path examples

Jun 30, 2023 · Example: Euler’s Path: b-e-a-b-d-c-a is not an Euler circuit but it is an Euler route. It clearly has two odd-degree vertices, i.e b, and a. Note- If the number of vertices of odd degree = 0 in a connected graph G, Euler's circuit exists. Hamilton’s Path . A Hamiltonian route is a simple path in graph G that travels through each vertex ... The stack is empty and 1 has no more neighbors. So this is the last point in this eulerian tour. Finally add 1 to the circuit. Circuit: 1, 9, 6, 1, 8, 7, 5, 8, 2, 4, 3, 2, 1 Here the order doesn't matter, but for directed graphs - it's crucial. So let's consider the Eulerian Tour for this graph to be the reverse of the above circuit:Hamiltonian Path Examples- Examples of Hamiltonian path are as follows- Hamiltonian Circuit- Hamiltonian circuit is also known as Hamiltonian Cycle.. If there exists a walk in the connected graph that visits every vertex of the graph exactly once (except starting vertex) without repeating the edges and returns to the starting vertex, then such a walk is called as a Hamiltonian circuit.Finding Euler Circuits and Euler’s Theorem A path through a graph is a circuit if it starts and ends at the same vertex. A circuit is an Euler circuit if it covers each edge exactly once. (Euler is pronounced like “oy’lur”) Example Find an Euler circuit of the graph for the floor plan. Solution There are many correct answers.¶ Investigate! An Euler path, in a graph or multigraph, is a walk through the graph which uses every edge exactly once. An Euler circuit is an Euler path which starts and stops at the same vertex. Our goal is to find a quick way to check whether a graph (or multigraph) has an Euler path or circuit. Which of the graphs below have Euler paths?Example 1 Let's look at another example. This time, see if you can figure it out. Again, what we are trying to do is to find a path in the graph so that we are crossing every edge exactly...A closed Hamiltonian path will also be known as a Hamiltonian circuit. Examples of Hamiltonian Circuit. There are a lot of examples of the Hamiltonian circuit, which are described as follows: Example 1: In the following graph, we have 5 nodes. Now we have to determine whether this graph contains a Hamiltonian circuit. Solution: = The traditional graph routing problem has applications like: Optical network connection, Very large scale Integration on circuit board, Chinese Postman Problem [11], Kambi Kolam (a traditional ...https://StudyForce.com https://Biology-Forums.com Ask questions here: https://Biology-Forums.com/index.php?board=33.0Follow us: Facebook: https://facebo...Königsberg bridge problem, a recreational mathematical puzzle, set in the old Prussian city of Königsberg (now Kaliningrad, Russia), that led to the development of the branches of mathematics known as topology and …Using Hierholzer’s Algorithm, we can find the circuit/path in O (E), i.e., linear time. Below is the Algorithm: ref ( wiki ). Remember that a directed graph has a Eulerian cycle if the following conditions are true (1) All vertices with nonzero degrees belong to a single strongly connected component. (2) In degree and out-degree of every ...An Euler path can have any starting point with any ending point; however, the most common Euler paths lead back to the starting vertex. We can easily detect an Euler path in a graph if the graph itself meets two conditions: all vertices with non-zero degree edges are connected, and if zero or two vertices have odd degrees and all other vertices ...An Euler path is a path that uses every edge of a graph exactly once. An Euler path starts and ends at different vertices. An Euler circuit is a circuit that uses every edge of a graph exactly once. An Euler circuit always starts and ends at the same vertex.An Euler path is a path that uses every edge in a graph with no repeats. Being a path, it does not have to return to the starting vertex. Example. In the graph shown below, there …Graph: Euler path and Euler circuit. A graph is a diagram displaying data which show the relationship between two or more quantities, measurements or indicative numbers that may or may not have a specific mathematical formula relating them to each other.Example: A family tree where each person is connected to their parents. Cycles: A graph with at least one cycle. Example: A bike-sharing graph where the cycles represent the routes that the bikes take. Sparse Graphs: A graph with relatively few edges compared to the number of vertices..

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